String conversions

doctest needs to be able to convert types you use in assertions and logging expressions into strings (for logging and reporting purposes). Most built-in types are supported out of the box but there are three ways that you can tell doctest how to convert your own types (or other, third-party types) into strings.

operator<< overload for std::ostream

This is the standard way of providing string conversions in C++ - and the chances are you may already provide this for your own purposes. If you're not familiar with this idiom it involves writing a free function of the form:

std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const T& value) {
	os << convertMyTypeToString(value);
	return os;
}

(where T is your type and convertMyTypeToString is where you'll write whatever code is necessary to make your type printable - it doesn't have to be in another function).

You should put this function in the same namespace as your type.

Alternatively you may prefer to write it as a member function:

std::ostream& T::operator<<(std::ostream& os) const {
	os << convertMyTypeToString(*this);
	return os;
}

doctest::toString overload

If you don't want to provide an operator<< overload, or you want to convert your type differently for testing purposes, you can provide an overload for toString() for your type which returns doctest::String.

namespace user {
    struct udt {};
    
	doctest::String toString(const udt& value) {
		return convertMyTypeToString(value);
	}
}

Note that the function must be in the same namespace as your type. If the type is not in any namespace - then the overload should be in the global namespace as well. convertMyTypeToString is where you'll write whatever code is necessary to make your type printable.

doctest::StringMaker<T> specialisation

There are some cases where overloading toString does not work as expected. Specialising StringMaker<T> gives you more precise and reliable control - but at the cost of slightly more code and complexity:

namespace doctest {
	template<> struct StringMaker<T> {
    	static String convert(const T& value) {
        	return convertMyTypeToString(value);
        }
    };
}

Translating exceptions

By default all exceptions deriving from std::exception will be translated to strings by calling the what() method. For exception types that do not derive from std::exception - or if what() does not return a suitable string - use REGISTER_EXCEPTION_TRANSLATOR. This defines a function that takes your exception type and returns a doctest::String. It can appear anywhere in the code - it doesn't have to be in the same translation unit. For example:

REGISTER_EXCEPTION_TRANSLATOR(MyType& ex) {
    return doctest::String(ex.message());
}

Note that the exception may be accepted without a reference but it is considered bad practice in C++.

An alternative way to register an exception translator is to do the following in some function - before executing any tests:

    // adding a lambda - the signature required as a function pointer is `doctest::String(*)(exception_type)`
    doctest::registerExceptionTranslator<int>([](int in){ return doctest::toString(in); });

The order of registering exception translators can be controlled - simply call the explicit function in the required order or list the exception translators with the macro in a top-to-bottom fashion in a single translation unit - everything that auto-registers in doctest works in a top-to-bottom way for a single translation unit (source file).

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• Check out the example which shows how to stringify std::vector<T> and other types/exceptions.
• Note that the type String is used when specializing StringMaker<T> or overloading toString() - it is the string type doctest works with. std::string is not an option because doctest would have to include the <string> header.
• To support the operator<<(std::ostream&... stringification the library has to offer a forward declaration of std::ostream and that is what the library does - but it is forbidden by the standard. It currently works everywhere - on all tested compilers - but if the user wishes to be 100% standards compliant - then the DOCTEST_CONFIG_USE_IOSFWD identifier can be used to force the inclusion of <iosfwd>. The reason the header is not included by default is that on MSVC (for example) it drags a whole bunch of stuff with it - and after the preprocessor is finished the translation unit has grown to 42k lines of C++ code - while Clang and the libc++ are so well implemented that including <iosfwd> there results in 400 lines of code.

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