pam UPDATE auth using Linux PAM

Added the ability to authenticate via Linux PAM when using keyboard-interactive SSH authentication method. One new API call was added.
diff --git a/tests/pam/pam_netconf.c b/tests/pam/pam_netconf.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd30fe0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pam/pam_netconf.c
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+/**
+ * @file pam_netconf.c
+ * @author Roman Janota <xjanot04@fit.vutbr.cz>
+ * @brief libnetconf2 Linux PAM test module
+ *
+ * @copyright
+ * Copyright (c) 2022 CESNET, z.s.p.o.
+ *
+ * This source code is licensed under BSD 3-Clause License (the "License").
+ * You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+ */
+
+#include <security/pam_modules.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "config.h"
+
+#define N_MESSAGES 2
+#define N_REQUESTS 2
+
+/**
+ * @brief Exchange module's messages for user's replies.
+ *
+ * @param[in] pam_h PAM handle.
+ * @param[in] n_messages Number of messages.
+ * @param[in] msg Module's messages for the user.
+ * @param[out] resp User's responses.
+ * @return PAM_SUCCESS on success;
+ * @return PAM error otherwise.
+ */
+static int
+nc_pam_mod_call_clb(pam_handle_t *pam_h, int n_messages, const struct pam_message **msg, struct pam_response **resp)
+{
+    struct pam_conv *conv;
+    int r;
+
+    /* the callback can be accessed through the handle */
+    r = pam_get_item(pam_h, PAM_CONV, (void *) &conv);
+    if (r != PAM_SUCCESS) {
+        return r;
+    }
+    return conv->conv(n_messages, msg, resp, conv->appdata_ptr);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Validate the user's responses.
+ *
+ * @param[in] username Username.
+ * @param[in] reversed_username User's response to the first challenge.
+ * @param[in] eq_ans User's response to the second challenge.
+ * @return PAM_SUCCESS on success;
+ * @return PAM_AUTH_ERR whenever the user's replies are incorrect.
+ */
+static int
+nc_pam_mod_auth(const char *username, char *reversed_username, char *eq_ans)
+{
+    int i, j, r;
+    size_t len;
+    char *buffer;
+
+    len = strlen(reversed_username);
+    buffer = calloc(len + 1, sizeof *buffer);
+    if (!buffer) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Memory allocation error.\n");
+        return PAM_BUF_ERR;
+    }
+
+    /* reverse the user's response */
+    for (i = len - 1, j = 0; i >= 0; i--) {
+        buffer[j++] = reversed_username[i];
+    }
+    buffer[j] = '\0';
+
+    if (!strcmp(username, buffer) && !strcmp(eq_ans, "2")) {
+        /* it's a match */
+        r = PAM_SUCCESS;
+    } else {
+        r = PAM_AUTH_ERR;
+    }
+
+    free(buffer);
+    return r;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Free the user's responses.
+ *
+ * @param[in] resp Responses.
+ * @param[in] n Number of responses to be freed.
+ */
+static void
+nc_pam_mod_resp_free(struct pam_response *resp, int n)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    if (!resp) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        free((resp + i)->resp);
+    }
+    free(resp);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Test module's implementation of "auth" service.
+ *
+ * Prepare prompts for the client and decide based on his
+ * answers whether to allow or disallow access.
+ *
+ * @param[in] pam_h PAM handle.
+ * @param[in] flags Flags.
+ * @param[in] argc Count of module options defined in the PAM configuration file.
+ * @param[in] argv Module options.
+ * @return PAM_SUCCESS on success;
+ * @return PAM error otherwise.
+ */
+API int
+pam_sm_authenticate(pam_handle_t *pam_h, int flags, int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+    int r;
+    const char *username;
+    char *reversed_username = NULL, *eq_ans = NULL;
+    struct pam_message echo_msg, no_echo_msg, unexpected_type_msg, info_msg, err_msg;
+    const struct pam_message *msg[N_MESSAGES];
+    struct pam_response *resp = NULL;
+
+    (void) flags;
+    (void) argc;
+    (void) argv;
+
+    /* get the username and if it's not known then the user will be prompted to enter it */
+    r = pam_get_user(pam_h, &username, NULL);
+    if (r != PAM_SUCCESS) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Unable to get username.\n");
+        r = PAM_AUTHINFO_UNAVAIL;
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    /* prepare the messages */
+    echo_msg.msg_style = PAM_PROMPT_ECHO_ON;
+    echo_msg.msg = "Enter your username backwards: ";
+    no_echo_msg.msg_style = PAM_PROMPT_ECHO_OFF;
+    no_echo_msg.msg = "Enter the result to 1+1: ";
+    unexpected_type_msg.msg_style = PAM_AUTH_ERR;
+    unexpected_type_msg.msg = "Arbitrary test message";
+    info_msg.msg_style = PAM_TEXT_INFO;
+    info_msg.msg = "Test info message";
+    err_msg.msg_style = PAM_ERROR_MSG;
+    err_msg.msg = "Test error message";
+
+    /* tests */
+    printf("[TEST #1] Too many PAM messages. Output:\n");
+    r = nc_pam_mod_call_clb(pam_h, 500, msg, &resp);
+    if (r == PAM_SUCCESS) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "[TEST #1] Failed.\n");
+        r = PAM_AUTH_ERR;
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+    printf("[TEST #1] Passed.\n\n");
+
+    printf("[TEST #2] Negative number of PAM messages. Output:\n");
+    r = nc_pam_mod_call_clb(pam_h, -1, msg, &resp);
+    if (r == PAM_SUCCESS) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "[TEST #2] Failed.\n");
+        r = PAM_AUTH_ERR;
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+    printf("[TEST #2] Passed.\n\n");
+
+    printf("[TEST #3] 0 PAM messages. Output:\n");
+    r = nc_pam_mod_call_clb(pam_h, 0, msg, &resp);
+    if (r == PAM_SUCCESS) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "[TEST #3] Failed.\n");
+        r = PAM_AUTH_ERR;
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+    printf("[TEST #3] Passed.\n\n");
+
+    printf("[TEST #4] Unexpected message type. Output:\n");
+    msg[0] = &unexpected_type_msg;
+    r = nc_pam_mod_call_clb(pam_h, N_MESSAGES, msg, &resp);
+    if (r == PAM_SUCCESS) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "[TEST #4] Failed.\n");
+        r = PAM_AUTH_ERR;
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+    printf("[TEST #4] Passed.\n\n");
+
+    printf("[TEST #5] Info and error messages. Output:\n");
+    msg[0] = &info_msg;
+    msg[1] = &err_msg;
+    r = nc_pam_mod_call_clb(pam_h, N_MESSAGES, msg, &resp);
+    if (r == PAM_SUCCESS) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "[TEST #5] Failed.\n");
+        r = PAM_AUTH_ERR;
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+    printf("[TEST #5] Passed.\n\n");
+
+    printf("[TEST #6] Authentication attempt with an expired token. Output:\n");
+    /* store the correct messages */
+    msg[0] = &echo_msg;
+    msg[1] = &no_echo_msg;
+
+    /* get responses */
+    r = nc_pam_mod_call_clb(pam_h, N_MESSAGES, msg, &resp);
+    if (r != PAM_SUCCESS) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "[TEST #6] Failed.\n");
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    reversed_username = resp[0].resp;
+    eq_ans = resp[1].resp;
+
+    /* validate the responses */
+    r = nc_pam_mod_auth(username, reversed_username, eq_ans);
+
+    /* not authenticated */
+    if (r != PAM_SUCCESS) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "[TEST #6] Failed.\n");
+        r = PAM_AUTH_ERR;
+    }
+
+cleanup:
+    /* free the responses */
+    nc_pam_mod_resp_free(resp, N_REQUESTS);
+    return r;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Test module's silly implementation of "account" service.
+ *
+ * @param[in] pam_h PAM handle.
+ * @param[in] flags Flags.
+ * @param[in] argc The count of module options defined in the PAM configuration file.
+ * @param[in] argv Module options.
+ * @return PAM_NEW_AUTHTOK_REQD on success;
+ * @return PAM error otherwise.
+ */
+API int
+pam_sm_acct_mgmt(pam_handle_t *pam_h, int flags, int argc, const char *argv[])
+{
+    int r;
+    const void *username;
+
+    (void) flags;
+    (void) argc;
+    (void) argv;
+
+    /* get and check the username */
+    r = pam_get_item(pam_h, PAM_USER, &username);
+    if (r != PAM_SUCCESS) {
+        return r;
+    }
+    if (!strcmp((const char *)username, "test")) {
+        return PAM_NEW_AUTHTOK_REQD;
+    }
+    return PAM_SYSTEM_ERR;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Test module's silly implementation of "password" service.
+ *
+ * @param[in] pam_h PAM handle.
+ * @param[in] flags Flags.
+ * @param[in] argc The count of module options defined in the PAM configuration file.
+ * @param[in] argv Module options.
+ * @return PAM_SUCCESS on success;
+ * @return PAM error otherwise.
+ */
+API int
+pam_sm_chauthtok(pam_handle_t *pam_h, int flags, int argc, const char *argv[])
+{
+    int r;
+    const void *username;
+
+    (void) argc;
+    (void) argv;
+
+    /* the function is called twice, each time with a different flag,
+     * in the first call just check the username if it matches */
+    if (flags & PAM_PRELIM_CHECK) {
+        r = pam_get_item(pam_h, PAM_USER, &username);
+        if (r != PAM_SUCCESS) {
+            return r;
+        }
+        if (!strcmp((const char *)username, "test")) {
+            return PAM_SUCCESS;
+        } else {
+            return PAM_SYSTEM_ERR;
+        }
+
+        /* change the authentication token in the second call */
+    } else if (flags & PAM_UPDATE_AUTHTOK) {
+        r = pam_set_item(pam_h, PAM_AUTHTOK, "test");
+        if (r == PAM_SUCCESS) {
+            printf("[TEST #6] Passed.\n\n");
+        } else {
+            fprintf(stderr, "[TEST #6] Failed.\n");
+        }
+        return r;
+    }
+    return PAM_SYSTEM_ERR;
+}